Palabras clave
democracia postnacional, elecciones europeas, democracia agonística
Cómo citar
[1]
Ochman-Ikanowicz, M. 2020. Elecciones Europeas y Retos de la Democracia Postnacional. Latin American Journal of International Affairs. 10, 1 (may 2020), 1-25.
Resumen
El déficit democrático ha sido una de las críticas más persistentes al proyecto europeo y es interpretado como raíz de muchos problemas que la Unión Europea enfrenta, incluyendo el auge de las corrientes euroescépticas y antiliberales. En contra de esta visión pesimista, este artículo defiende que la construcción de una democracia postnacional en Europa ha sido un proceso lento, pero constante y con logros significativos. Para ello, primero se discuten las fronteras conceptuales de la democracia postnacional, como ideal distinto a la democracia global o trasnacional. En seguida, se presenta la evolución del Parlamento Europeo, institución que permite el ejercicio efectivo de los derechos ciudadanos. Finalmente, se analizan las elecciones europeas 2019 para demostrar los progresos de la democracia postnacional, afirmando que necesariamente será una democracia agonística.
Citas
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Ackerman, B. (1998) “¿Por qué dialogar?”, Metapolítica, 2(6), 207-222
Aksu, E. y Camilleri, J.A. (2002) Democratizing Global Governance, Reino Unido: Palgrave Macmillan
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Castles, S. y Davidson, A. (2000) Citizenship and Migration. Globalization and the Politics of Belonging London: Macmillan Press
Cheah, Ph. (2006) “Cosmpolitianism”, Theory, Culture & Society 23(3), 486-496
Clark, J. D. (2001) “Ethical Globalization: The Dilemas and Challenges of Internationalizing Civil Society”, en: Edwards, M. y Gaventa, J. (eds.) Global Citizen Action, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Pub., pp. 17-28
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Crepaz, M. M. L. (1990) “The impact of party polarization and postmaterialism on voter turnout: A comparative study of 16 industrial democracies”, European Journal of Political Research 18(2), 183-205
Dahl, R. (1994) “A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation”, Political Science Quarterly,109(1), 23-34
Dalton, R. J. (2008) “The quantity and quality of party system: Party system polarization, its measurement, and its consequences”, Comparative Political Studies 41(7), 899-920
Dijkstra, S., Geuijen, K. y De Ruijter, A. (2001) “Multiculturalism and Social Integration in Europe”, International Political Science Review 22(1), 55-84.
Dinas, E. y Riera, P. (2018) “Do European Parliament Elections impact National Party System Fragmentation?” Comparative Political Studies 51(4), 447-476
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Dodson, K. (2010) “The return of American voter? Party polarization and voting behavior, 1988 to 2004”, Sociological Perspectives 53(3), 443-449
Edwards, M. (2001) “Introduction”, en: Edwards, M. y Gaventa, J. (eds.) Global Citizen Action, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Pub., pp. 1-10
Eriksen, E. O. y Fossum, J. E. (2012) Rethinking democracy and the European Union, London: Routledge
Frey, B. S. (2003) “Flexible citizenship for a global society”, Politics, Philosophy & Economics 2(1), 93-114
Glencross, A. (2011) “A Post-National EU? The Problem of Legitimising the EU without the Nation and National Representation”, Political Studies, 59(2), 348-367
Gordenker, L. y Weiss, T.G. (eds. (1996)) NGO’s, the UN, and Global Governance. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner
Grugel, J. (ed.) (1999) Democracy without Borders. Transnationalization and conditionality in new democracies Reino Unido: Routledge
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Habermas, J. (1993) Identidades nacionales y postnacionales México: REI
Habermas, J. (1995) Más allá del Estado nacional Madrid: Trotta
Habermas, J. (2000) “El Estado-nación europeo y las presiones de globalización”, New Left Review, 1, 121-134
Habermas, J. (2001) “The Postnational Constellation and the Future of Democracy”, en: The Postnational Constellation. Political Essays, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, pp.58-112
Hanagan, M. y Tilly, Ch. (eds.) (1999) Extending Citizenship, Reconfiguring States, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Held, D. (1997) La democracia y el orden global. Del Estado moderno al gobierno cosmopolita. Barcelona: Paidós
Holden, B. (ed.) (2000) Global Democracy. Key Debates Londres: Routledge
Hutchings, K. y Dannreuther, R. (eds.) (1999) Cosmopolitan Citizenship Londres: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Kostelka, F., Blais, A., y Gidengil, E. (2019) “Has the gender gap in voter turnout really disappeared?”, West European Politics, 42(3), 437-463
Lacroix, J. (2002) For a European Constitutional Patriotism”, Political Studies 50(5), 944-958
Leininger A., Lukas, R. y Zittlau, S. (2018) “How to Increase Turnout in Low-Salience Elections: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Concurrent Second-Order Elections on Political Participation”, Political Science Research and Methods, 6(3), 509-526
Lindstam, E. (2019) “Signaling issue salience: Explaining niche party support in second-order elections”, Electoral Studies 60, 1020026
Linklater, A. (2002) “Cosmopolítan Political Communities in International Relations”, International Relations, 16(1), 135-150
Lijphart, A. (1997) “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma”, American Political Science Review 91(1), 1-14
Llano, F. H. (2017) “European constitutional patriotism and postnational citizenship in Jürgen Habermas”, Archiv fur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, 103(4), 504-516
Lupel, A. (2004) “Regionalism and globalization: Post-nation or extended nation?”, Polity 36(2),153-174
Marien, S., Dassonneville, R. y Hooge, M. (2015) “How Second Order Are Local Elections? Voting Motives and Party Preferences in Belgian Municipal Elections”, Local Government Studies 41(6), 898-916
Moral, M. (2017) “The Bipolar Voter: On the Effects of Actual and Perceived Party Polarization on Voter Turnout in European Multiparty Democracies”, Political Behavior 39(4), 935-965
Mouffe, Ch. (1999) El Retorno de lo político Barcelona: Paidós
Münch, R. (2001) Nation and Citizenship in the Global Age New York: Palgrave
Nussbaum, M. C. (1999) Los límites del patriotismo. Identidad, pertenencia y “ciudadanía mundial” Barcelona: Paidós
Ochman, M. (2006) La reconfiguración de la ciudadanía. Los retos del globalismo y de la postmodernidad, México: Porrúa
Ochman, M. (2013) “Participación ciudadana y el proceso de la política pública. Cómo lograr la calidad”, en: Marta Ochman y Eduardo Rodríguez-Oreggia (eds.) Análisis e incidencia de las políticas públicas en México México: Porrúa, pp.57-70
Parlamento Europeo (s/f) “About Parliament. Previous elections” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/previous-elections (28.01.2019)
Parlamento Europeo (s/f) “Poderes y procedimientos. El poder legislativo”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/es/powers-and-procedures/legislative-powers (31.01.2019)
Parlamento Europeo (s/f) “European Elections. Election Results”, https://www.election-results.eu/ (18.06.2019)
Payrow Shabani, O. A. (2002) “Who’s afraid of constitutional patriotism? The binding source of citizenship in constitutional states”, Social Theory and Practice 3(28)
Payrow Shabani, O. A. (2006) “Constitutional patriotism as a model of postnational political association: The case of the EU”, Philosophy &Social Criticism, 32(6), 699-718
Pinelli, C. (2013) The Discourses on Post-National Governance and the Democratic Deficit Absent an EU Government”, European Constitutional Law Review 9, pp.177-188
Price, R. (2003) Transnational civil society and advocacy in world politics”, World Politics, 55(4), 579-606
Sassen, S. (1996) Losing control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization, Nueva York: Columbia University Press
Schakel, A. H. (2018) “Rethinking European Elections: The Importance of regional Spillover into the European Electoral Arena”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(3), 687-705
Scheuerman, W. E. (2009) “Postnational democracies without postnational states? Some skeptical reflections”, Ethics & Global Politics, 2(1), 41-63
Schulze, H. (2016) “The Spitzenkandidaten in the European Parliament Election Campaign Coverage 2014 in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom”, Politics and Governance 4(1), 23-36
Thornhill, Ch. (2018) “The Citizen of Many Worlds: Societal Constitutionalism and the Antinomies of Democracy”, Journal of Law and Society 45(S1), S73-S93
Tonkiss, K. (2019) “Locating the post-national activist: migration rights, civil society and the practice of post-nationalism”, Ethnic and Racial Studies 42(2), 159-177
Trumm, S. y Sudulich, L. (2018) “What does it take to make it to the polling station? The effects of campaign activities on electoral participation”, Party Politics 24(2), 168-184
Volt (s/f) “Amsterdam Declaration”, https://www.volteuropa.org/amsterdamdeclaration (25.01.2018)
Wilford, A. M. (2017) “Polarization, Number of Parties, and Voter Turnout: Explaining Turnout in 26 OECD Countries”, Social Science Quarterly 98(5), 391-1405
Zolo, D. (2000) Cosmópolis. Perspectiva y riesgos de un gobierno mundial Barcelona: Paidós
Abramowitz, A. I. y Sanders, K. L. (2008) “Is polarization a myth?”, Journal of Politics 70(2), 542-555
Ackerman, B. (1998) “¿Por qué dialogar?”, Metapolítica, 2(6), 207-222
Aksu, E. y Camilleri, J.A. (2002) Democratizing Global Governance, Reino Unido: Palgrave Macmillan
Beach D., Hansen, K. M. y Larsen, M. V. (2018) “How Campaigns Enhance European Issues Voting during European Parliament Elections”, Political Science Research and Methods, 6(4), 791-808
Béjar, S., Moraes, J. A. y López-Cariboni, S. (2018) “Elite polarization and voting turnout in Latin America 1993-2010”, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, pp. 1-21
Bobbio, N. (1996) El futuro de la democracia México: Fondo de Cultura Económica
Castles, S. y Davidson, A. (2000) Citizenship and Migration. Globalization and the Politics of Belonging London: Macmillan Press
Cheah, Ph. (2006) “Cosmpolitianism”, Theory, Culture & Society 23(3), 486-496
Clark, J. D. (2001) “Ethical Globalization: The Dilemas and Challenges of Internationalizing Civil Society”, en: Edwards, M. y Gaventa, J. (eds.) Global Citizen Action, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Pub., pp. 17-28
Comisión Europea (s/f) “EurLex. Glossary of Summaries”, en: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/ep_electoral_procedure.html?locale=es (31.01.2019)
Crepaz, M. M. L. (1990) “The impact of party polarization and postmaterialism on voter turnout: A comparative study of 16 industrial democracies”, European Journal of Political Research 18(2), 183-205
Dahl, R. (1994) “A Democratic Dilemma: System Effectiveness versus Citizen Participation”, Political Science Quarterly,109(1), 23-34
Dalton, R. J. (2008) “The quantity and quality of party system: Party system polarization, its measurement, and its consequences”, Comparative Political Studies 41(7), 899-920
Dijkstra, S., Geuijen, K. y De Ruijter, A. (2001) “Multiculturalism and Social Integration in Europe”, International Political Science Review 22(1), 55-84.
Dinas, E. y Riera, P. (2018) “Do European Parliament Elections impact National Party System Fragmentation?” Comparative Political Studies 51(4), 447-476
Dennison, S. y Pardijs, D. (2016) “The World According to Europe’s Insurgent Parties: Putin, Migration and People Power”, ECFR Flash Scorecard http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_world_according_to_europes_insurgent_parties7055 (23.01.2019)
Dodson, K. (2010) “The return of American voter? Party polarization and voting behavior, 1988 to 2004”, Sociological Perspectives 53(3), 443-449
Edwards, M. (2001) “Introduction”, en: Edwards, M. y Gaventa, J. (eds.) Global Citizen Action, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Pub., pp. 1-10
Eriksen, E. O. y Fossum, J. E. (2012) Rethinking democracy and the European Union, London: Routledge
Frey, B. S. (2003) “Flexible citizenship for a global society”, Politics, Philosophy & Economics 2(1), 93-114
Glencross, A. (2011) “A Post-National EU? The Problem of Legitimising the EU without the Nation and National Representation”, Political Studies, 59(2), 348-367
Gordenker, L. y Weiss, T.G. (eds. (1996)) NGO’s, the UN, and Global Governance. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner
Grugel, J. (ed.) (1999) Democracy without Borders. Transnationalization and conditionality in new democracies Reino Unido: Routledge
de Gruyter, C. (2018) “Taking back control: How European Citizens are slowly gaining power”, European Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_taking_back_control_european_citizens_slowly_gaining_power], (6.12.2018).
Habermas, J. (1993) Identidades nacionales y postnacionales México: REI
Habermas, J. (1995) Más allá del Estado nacional Madrid: Trotta
Habermas, J. (2000) “El Estado-nación europeo y las presiones de globalización”, New Left Review, 1, 121-134
Habermas, J. (2001) “The Postnational Constellation and the Future of Democracy”, en: The Postnational Constellation. Political Essays, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, pp.58-112
Hanagan, M. y Tilly, Ch. (eds.) (1999) Extending Citizenship, Reconfiguring States, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Held, D. (1997) La democracia y el orden global. Del Estado moderno al gobierno cosmopolita. Barcelona: Paidós
Holden, B. (ed.) (2000) Global Democracy. Key Debates Londres: Routledge
Hutchings, K. y Dannreuther, R. (eds.) (1999) Cosmopolitan Citizenship Londres: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Kostelka, F., Blais, A., y Gidengil, E. (2019) “Has the gender gap in voter turnout really disappeared?”, West European Politics, 42(3), 437-463
Lacroix, J. (2002) For a European Constitutional Patriotism”, Political Studies 50(5), 944-958
Leininger A., Lukas, R. y Zittlau, S. (2018) “How to Increase Turnout in Low-Salience Elections: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Concurrent Second-Order Elections on Political Participation”, Political Science Research and Methods, 6(3), 509-526
Lindstam, E. (2019) “Signaling issue salience: Explaining niche party support in second-order elections”, Electoral Studies 60, 1020026
Linklater, A. (2002) “Cosmopolítan Political Communities in International Relations”, International Relations, 16(1), 135-150
Lijphart, A. (1997) “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma”, American Political Science Review 91(1), 1-14
Llano, F. H. (2017) “European constitutional patriotism and postnational citizenship in Jürgen Habermas”, Archiv fur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, 103(4), 504-516
Lupel, A. (2004) “Regionalism and globalization: Post-nation or extended nation?”, Polity 36(2),153-174
Marien, S., Dassonneville, R. y Hooge, M. (2015) “How Second Order Are Local Elections? Voting Motives and Party Preferences in Belgian Municipal Elections”, Local Government Studies 41(6), 898-916
Moral, M. (2017) “The Bipolar Voter: On the Effects of Actual and Perceived Party Polarization on Voter Turnout in European Multiparty Democracies”, Political Behavior 39(4), 935-965
Mouffe, Ch. (1999) El Retorno de lo político Barcelona: Paidós
Münch, R. (2001) Nation and Citizenship in the Global Age New York: Palgrave
Nussbaum, M. C. (1999) Los límites del patriotismo. Identidad, pertenencia y “ciudadanía mundial” Barcelona: Paidós
Ochman, M. (2006) La reconfiguración de la ciudadanía. Los retos del globalismo y de la postmodernidad, México: Porrúa
Ochman, M. (2013) “Participación ciudadana y el proceso de la política pública. Cómo lograr la calidad”, en: Marta Ochman y Eduardo Rodríguez-Oreggia (eds.) Análisis e incidencia de las políticas públicas en México México: Porrúa, pp.57-70
Parlamento Europeo (s/f) “About Parliament. Previous elections” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/previous-elections (28.01.2019)
Parlamento Europeo (s/f) “Poderes y procedimientos. El poder legislativo”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/es/powers-and-procedures/legislative-powers (31.01.2019)
Parlamento Europeo (s/f) “European Elections. Election Results”, https://www.election-results.eu/ (18.06.2019)
Payrow Shabani, O. A. (2002) “Who’s afraid of constitutional patriotism? The binding source of citizenship in constitutional states”, Social Theory and Practice 3(28)
Payrow Shabani, O. A. (2006) “Constitutional patriotism as a model of postnational political association: The case of the EU”, Philosophy &Social Criticism, 32(6), 699-718
Pinelli, C. (2013) The Discourses on Post-National Governance and the Democratic Deficit Absent an EU Government”, European Constitutional Law Review 9, pp.177-188
Price, R. (2003) Transnational civil society and advocacy in world politics”, World Politics, 55(4), 579-606
Sassen, S. (1996) Losing control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization, Nueva York: Columbia University Press
Schakel, A. H. (2018) “Rethinking European Elections: The Importance of regional Spillover into the European Electoral Arena”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(3), 687-705
Scheuerman, W. E. (2009) “Postnational democracies without postnational states? Some skeptical reflections”, Ethics & Global Politics, 2(1), 41-63
Schulze, H. (2016) “The Spitzenkandidaten in the European Parliament Election Campaign Coverage 2014 in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom”, Politics and Governance 4(1), 23-36
Thornhill, Ch. (2018) “The Citizen of Many Worlds: Societal Constitutionalism and the Antinomies of Democracy”, Journal of Law and Society 45(S1), S73-S93
Tonkiss, K. (2019) “Locating the post-national activist: migration rights, civil society and the practice of post-nationalism”, Ethnic and Racial Studies 42(2), 159-177
Trumm, S. y Sudulich, L. (2018) “What does it take to make it to the polling station? The effects of campaign activities on electoral participation”, Party Politics 24(2), 168-184
Volt (s/f) “Amsterdam Declaration”, https://www.volteuropa.org/amsterdamdeclaration (25.01.2018)
Wilford, A. M. (2017) “Polarization, Number of Parties, and Voter Turnout: Explaining Turnout in 26 OECD Countries”, Social Science Quarterly 98(5), 391-1405
Zolo, D. (2000) Cosmópolis. Perspectiva y riesgos de un gobierno mundial Barcelona: Paidós